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Vladimir the Great
Vladimir Sviatoslavich the Great (, ''Volodiměrъ Svętoslavičь'', Old Norse as ''Valdamarr Sveinaldsson'', (ウクライナ語:Володимир), ''Volodymyr'', , ''Vladimir'', (ベラルーシ語:Уладзiмiр), ''Uladzimir''; c. 958 – 15 July 1015, Berestove) was a prince of Novgorod, grand prince of Kiev, and ruler of Kievan Rus' from 980 to 1015.〔(Companion to the Calendar: A Guide to the Saints and Mysteries of the Christian Calendar, p. 105 ), Mary Ellen Hynes, Ed. Peter Mazar, LiturgyTrainingPublications, 1993〕〔(National geographic, Vol. 167, p. 290 ), National Geographic Society, 1985〕
Vladimir's father was prince Sviatoslav of the Rurik dynasty.〔(Vladimir I (Grand Prince of Kiev) ), Encyclopædia Britannica〕 After the death of his father in 972, Vladimir, who was then prince of Novgorod, was forced to flee to Scandinavia in 976 after his brother Yaropolk had murdered his other brother Oleg and conquered Rus'. In Sweden, with the help from his relative Ladejarl Håkon Sigurdsson, ruler of Norway, he assembled a Varangian army and reconquered Novgorod from Yaropolk.〔(Den hellige Vladimir av Kiev (~956–1015) ), Den katolske kirke website〕 By 980 Vladimir had consolidated the Kievan realm from modern-day Ukraine to the Baltic Sea and had solidified the frontiers against incursions of Bulgarian, Baltic, and Eastern nomads. Originally a follower of Slavic paganism, Vladimir converted to Orthodox Christianity in 988〔(Volodymyr the Great ), Encyclopedia of Ukraine〕〔(Saint Volodymyr the Baptizer: Wetting cultural appetites for the Gospel ), Dr. Alexander Roman, Ukrainian Orthodoxy website〕〔(Ukrainian Catholic Church: part 1. ), The Free Library〕 and Christianized the Kievan Rus'.〔(Vladimir I ), Encyclopædia Britannica〕
==Rise to the throne==
Born in 958, Vladimir was the natural son and youngest son of Sviatoslav I of Kiev by his housekeeper Malusha. Malusha is described in the Norse sagas as a prophetess who lived to the age of 100 and was brought from her cave to the palace to predict the future. Malusha's brother Dobrynya was Vladimir's tutor and most trusted advisor. Hagiographic tradition of dubious authenticity also connects his childhood with the name of his grandmother, Olga Prekrasa, who was Christian and governed the capital during Sviatoslav's frequent military campaigns. His place of birth is identified by different authors either as Budyatychi (modern Volyn Oblast, Ukraine)〔 or Budnik (modern Pskov Oblast, Russia).〔
Transferring his capital to Pereyaslavets in 969, Sviatoslav designated Vladimir ruler of Novgorod the Great but gave Kiev to his legitimate son Yaropolk. After Sviatoslav's death in 972, a fratricidal war erupted in 976 between Yaropolk and his younger brother Oleg, ruler of the Drevlians. In 977 Vladimir fled to his kinsman Haakon Sigurdsson, ruler of Norway, collecting as many Norse warriors as he could to assist him to recover Novgorod. On his return the next year, he marched against Yaropolk. On his way to Kiev he sent ambassadors to Rogvolod (Norse: Ragnvald), prince of Polotsk, to sue for the hand of his daughter Rogneda (Norse: Ragnhild). The high-born princess refused to affiance herself to the son of a bondswoman, so Vladimir attacked Polotsk, slew Rogvolod, and took Ragnhild by force. Polotsk was a key fortress on the way to Kiev, and capturing Polotsk and Smolensk facilitated the taking of Kiev in 978, where he slew Yaropolk by treachery and was proclaimed knyaz of all Kievan Rus.〔(Den hellige Vladimir av Kiev (~956–1015) ), Den Katolske Kirke〕
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